3  Paragraph Structure for Thesis

IMRaD is an acronym representing the structured format commonly used in academic writing. The acronym stands for Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion.

3.0.1 Introduction

The Introduction provides background information, defining the research gap, and stating the purpose or objectives of the study. It addresses the central question: “What is the problem or research question, and why is it important?” My research teacher used to tell us to think of the introduction as an ambulance. It signals an emergency. Here is an example:

General Santos City, situated in the southern part of the Philippines, is grappling with frequent floodins. With the city’s landscape increasingly marked by subdivisions, there’ is a decline in green spaces. While there is evidence green spaces mitigate floods, we do not know how local policymakers perceive the value of these spaces.

Local politicians perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes towards green spaces can significantly influence policy directives, funding allocations, and public awareness campaigns. However, the existing body of research predominantly focuses on quantitative assessments and often overlooks the qualitative dimensions of policymaker perceptions. This is crucial in future lobby efforts to include green spaces in local ordinances.

This study tries to bridge this knowledge gap by exploring the perceptions of local politicians  regarding green spaces and their role in enhancing flood resilience. Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, this research aims to shed light on the nuances, complexities, and underlying factors that shape their viewpoints. The study hopes to offer understanding that can guide future urban planning.

3.0.2 Methods

The Methods (or Materials and Methods) section details how the research was conducted, covering study design, data collection techniques, sampling methods, and data analysis approaches. This section answers the question: “How was the study executed?”

Research Design: This study employed phenomenological methods. The phenomenological approach was chosen to capture the depth and richness of experiences, beliefs, and insights of the participants, offering a holistic understanding of the phenomenon.

Participants and Sampling: The primary participants of this study were city council members, barangay captains, and key policy influencers. Purposive sampling technique was used. In total, 15 local politicians were interviewed across different political parties and roles.

Data Collection: Data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Each interview lasted between 45 minutes to an hour and was conducted face to face at a location preferred by the participant. Additionally, two focus group discussions, each consisting of 6-8 participants, were organized to  gain insights into the collective perspectives of local politicians. All interviews and discussions were audio-recorded with participant consent and subsequently transcribed verbatim for analysis.

Data Analysis: Transcribed data were subjected to thematic analysis using the Braun  (2006) method. The process began with familiarization, where researchers immersed themselves in the data by reading and rereading the transcripts. Initial codes were then generated, followed by the search for themes. Themes were reviewed, refined, and named in the subsequent stages. Data analysis was aided by the NVivo software. The emergent themes provided insights into  perceptions and beliefs on green spaces and flood resilience.

3.0.3 Results

The Results section presents the main findings of the research supplemented by tables, figures, and statistics. It relays the data without interpreting its significance. The Discussion then delves into the implications of these findings, interpreting their meaning in the broader context, comparing them to previous studies, and potentially suggesting future research directions.

This section addresses: “What do the findings mean, and why are they significant?” The IMRaD structure promotes clarity and logic in research articles, allowing readers to follow the study’s progression and understand its significance in a coherent manner.

3.0.4 Data Presentation

In the discussion section, the paragraphs interpret the results, linking them to existing literature, and drawing meaningful conclusions.  There are important things to consider to make good data presentation: coherence, critical thinking, and clarity.

3.0.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

The conclusion and recommendation sections of a thesis wraps the findings and propose future actions or directions. The conclusion synthesizes the research, providing a summary of the study’s key findings and their implications, emphasizing the significance and contribution to the academic field.

The analysis shows the current challenges hindering the city’s transition to transport modernization. Foremost is the resistance from tricycle drivers, a key demographic whose livelihoods are threatened by the overhaul. There were protests and non-compliance, casting doubt over immediate implementation. The research has also identified the inability of some organizations to manage a large fleet of electric jeepneys. The high interest rates for the loans created financial strains tthat jeopardize the program. It becomes clear that the city’s readiness for transport modernization is compromised by social, organizational, and economic factors. These insights require collaborative planning, stakeholder engagement, and carefully crafted financial strategies to pave the way for a successful and sustainable transformation of the city’s transport system.

3.0.6 Recommendations:

Meanwhile, the recommendation section offers actionable suggestions based on the findings, proposing further research areas, potential policy changes, or practical implementations, thus bridging the gap between theoretical research and real-world application. Both sections work in tandem to provide closure and highlight the study’s broader impact. Here are some examples:

  • Engage Tricycle Drivers: Conduct extensive consultations with tricycle drivers to understand their concerns and involve them in the planning process. Collaboration and open communication may reduce resistance and foster a sense of ownership and inclusion.

  • Strengthen Transport Organizations: Provide training and support to local transport organizations to enhance their capacity to manage a modern fleet. Developing strong management practices will be crucial in overseeing the large fleet of electric jeepneys.

  • Negotiate Reasonable Loan Terms: Work with banks to negotiate loan terms that are conducive to the financial health of transport organizations. This might include lower interest rates or longer repayment periods, minimizing the financial burden.

  • Implement Gradual Transition: Consider a phased approach to modernization, starting with pilot areas. Gradual implementation can facilitate adjustments, learning, and community buy-in.

  • Develop Supportive Policies: Enact local legislation and policies that support the modernization effort, including incentives for early adopters of new technology or subsidies for training programs.

  • Regular Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement a robust monitoring and evaluation system to assess progress, identify challenges, and make necessary adjustments in a timely manner.

  • Foster Collaboration: Encourage collaboration between government, transport organizations, financial institutions, and the community to ensure that all stakeholders are aligned in their efforts towards modernization.

    By considering these recommendations, the city may address the identified challenges and pave a feasible and sustainable path towards transport modernization, balancing the needs and concerns of all stakeholders involved.